In last week's lesson, we looked at compound nouns that employ the noun das Zeug. But it doesn't stop there.
In addition to dozens of nouns with the -zeug ending, there are others that use it as a root. One common noun is das Zeugnis, which can refer to a report, a (school) certificate, or a testament/testimony.
Das ist beim Stand der Dinge heute das älteste authentische Zeugnis für Christentum.
This is, as things stand today, the oldest authentic testimony of Christianity.
Captions 39-40, Archäologie: Der Fund der Frankfurter Silberinschrift
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The word der Zeuge or die Zeugin means "the witness."
Ja, ich habe eine Zeugin mitgebracht, Frau Vorsitzende.
Yes, I brought along a witness, your honor.
Caption 30, Yabla Gerichtshof: Probleme des Zusammenlebens
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Other words include das Erzeugnis ("the product"), der Erzeuger / die Erzeugerin ("the producer," "the creator," "the procreator"), and das Zeughaus ("the armory").
Verbs include zeugen and erzeugen. The verb zeugen is used to describe procreation, and also for testifying or bearing evidence in a formal or abstract sense. When it comes to bearing witness or testifying to something specific, the verb bezeugen may be used. The verb erzeugen, on the other hand, is used for the production, creation, or generation of something other than humans or animals.
Wehranlagen zeugen von der kriegerischen Vergangenheit.
Fortifications testify to its war-torn past.
Caption 13, Die Alpen von oben S1 E1: Von den Karawanken nach Graz
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Ich möchte bezeugen, dass meine Schwester mich und meine kleinen Geschwister schlecht erzogen hat.
I would like to testify that my sister raised me and my little siblings badly.
Captions 7-8, Yabla Gerichtshof: Das verzogene Hündchen
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Das heißt, man erzeugt dabei keinen Ton.
That means when you make them, you don't produce any sort of tone.
Caption 9, Deutsch mit Eylin: Ich- und Ach-Laute
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Finally, let's look at two expressions with das Zeug: was das Zeug hält and ins Zeug legen.
Trotz vollen Terminplänen und Stress strahlt die deutsch-amerikanische Sängerin, was das Zeug hält.
Despite the full agenda and the stress, the German-American singer beams as much as possible.
Captions 4-5, Cassandra Steen Geheimnis für positive Energie
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Das ist Ansporn für den Hahn, sich erst recht ins Zeug zu legen [Redewendung].
This is an incentive for the male grouse to really put in a lot of effort.
Caption 32, Die letzten Paradiese: Die Schönheit der Alpen 1
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Further Learning
Try looking for additional examples of the verbs in use on Yabla German and building your own sentences with these two expressions.
The name of a language in German is often almost identical to the adjective form of the associated country. The only difference is that—unlike in English—German demonymic adjectives are generally not capitalized. The vast majority of these words have an -isch ending. In these examples, you can note the difference between the language name and adjective in terms of capitalization:
Das ist Griechisch: „Chi Rho“.
That's Greek: "Chi Rho."
Caption 35, Archäologie: Der Fund der Frankfurter Silberinschrift
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Da gab es zum Beispiel den griechischen Philosophen und Naturforscher Empedokles.
For example, there was the Greek philosopher and naturalist Empedocles.
Captions 9-10, Deutsch mit Eylin: Die vier Elemente
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Und vor allem Menschen, die Ukrainisch und Russisch sprechen ...
And, above all, people who speak Ukrainian and Russian...
Caption 10, Private Hilfe auf dem Bahnsteig: Berliner helfen Ukrainern
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Ich spreche Thai, Chinesisch, Englisch, Deutsch, Französisch und Italienisch.
I speak Thai, Chinese, English, German, French, and Italian.
Caption 25, Nicos Weg: Andere Länder
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Zweieinhalb Jahre lang tobte ein unerbittlicher Kampf zwischen dem italienischen und dem österreichischen Heer.
For two and a half years, a relentless battle raged between the Italian and Austrian armies.
Captions 37-38, Die letzten Paradiese Schätze der Natur: Südtirol
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Some languages/adjectives that do not have this -isch ending are das Urdu, das Hindi, das Tamil, das Yoruba and das Paschtu. These have different adjective forms as well, such as hinduistisch or yorubaisch.
And let's not forget Schweizer for "swiss," which, of course, is not the name of a language except as part of das Schweizerdeutsch. Due to its -er ending, Schweizer is always written with a capital "S."
Er entspringt in einem Schweizer Gebirge und der Hauptarm mündet bei Rotterdam in die Nordsee.
It has its source in a Swiss mountain range, and the main branch flows into the North Sea near Rotterdam.
Captions 13-14, Deutsch mit Paula: Flüsse in Deutschland
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Language names in German are generally neuter and take the article das. Thus, to speak about origins of words, we need a dative construction with dem.
Das Wort "Asteroid" stammt aus dem Griechischen und bedeutet "sternenähnlich".
The word "asteroid" originates from the Greek and means "star-like."
Caption 6, Unser Universum Asteroiden: Gefahr aus dem All?
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Hier übersetzte Martin Luther die Bibel aus dem Griechischen und Lateinischen ins Deutsche.
This is where Martin Luther translated the Bible from Greek and Latin into German.
Captions 35-36, Bundesländer und ihre Rezepte: Thüringen
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Further Learning
You can look up the names for various languages in a dictionary or on Yabla German.
Following up on last week's lesson on accusative contractions, we will now look at dative contractions. Unlike accusative contractions, which are generally possible with neuter nouns, dative contractions tend to occur before both neuter and masculine nouns. Some dative contractions are used constantly in the German language, even as part of formal writing:
Die Bilder vom Kirchturm landeten am nächsten Tag in den „Tagesthemen“.
The images of the church tower landed on "Tagesthemen" the next day.
Caption 11, 30 Jahre Mauerfall Deutschland: 30 Jahre nach dem Fall der Berliner Mauer
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Innsbruck ist die Landeshauptstadt vom Bundesland Tirol.
Innsbruck is the capital of the state of Tyrol.
Caption 18, 48 h in Innsbruck: Sehenswürdigkeiten & Tipps
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Was sagst du beim Arzt am Empfang zuerst?
What do you say first at the doctor's reception?
Caption 47, Deutsch für Anfänger: #8 Beim Arzt
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Im Leibniz-Zentrum für Archäologie in Mainz wird seit über hundertsiebzig Jahren geforscht.
At the Leibniz Center for Archaeology in Mainz research has been conducted for over one hundred and seventy years.
Captions 1-2, Archäologie: Der Fund der Frankfurter Silberinschrift
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A few contractions are more colloquial. For the two examples below, you might also say or write vor dem ("in front of the") or unter dem ("under the"):
Und wie fühlst du dich so kurz vorm Sprung?
How do you feel right before the jump?
Caption 41, Abenteuer und Sport: Fallschirmspringen
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Sie liegt verborgen unterm Eis... inmitten fantastischer Höhlen.
It lies hidden beneath the ice... amidst fantastic caves.
Caption 6, Alpenseen: Kühle Schönheiten
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Finally, the preposition zu, which is always followed by the dative case, can form dative contractions before any noun, whether it's masculine, feminine, or neuter.
Sabine geht nicht zur Party.
Sabine isn't going to the party.
Caption 36, Deutsch mit Eylin: Verneinungen
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Wie komme ich von hier zum Hauptbahnhof?
"How do I get from here to the main train station?
Caption 66, Deutsch mit Eylin: Öffentliche Verkehrsmittel in Hamburg
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Further Learning
Using masculine nouns and dative or two-way prepositions, create your own sentences, or look for additional examples of contractions in use on Yabla German.
Both of the words above mean "both," but it's important to use them in the correct contexts and with the correct grammar.
The word beide is plural and often refers to people. It can be used as a pronoun...
Beide sind jetzt vier Stunden und sieben Minuten unterwegs.
Both have now been traveling for four hours and seven minutes.
Caption 31, Galileo Zug vs. Flugzeug: Von München nach Berlin
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Beide haben sich entsprechend dazu geäußert.
Both have commented on it.
Caption 49, Archäologie: Der Fund der Frankfurter Silberinschrift
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or as a determiner:
Gut, wenn das jetzt beide Spieler wirklich genauso machen, dann kommt so ein furchtbar langweiliges, symmetrisches Brett dabei raus.
OK, if both players really do the same thing, then you end up with a terribly boring, symmetrical board.
Captions 18-19, Schach: Regeln, Strategie und Taktik
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The phrase wir beide can be translated as "we both," but also "the two of us."
Und ja, wir beide werden uns nie wieder sehen.
And yes, the two of us will never see each other again.
Caption 19, Cro: Bye Bye
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Here are a few more examples with beide as a determiner in sentences that don't refer to people:
Und das gilt für beide Seiten gleichermaßen.
And that applies to both sides equally.
Caption 25, Brexit-Votum: Merkel warnt vor Spaltung Europas
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Beide Sätze sind im Perfekt.
Both sentences are in the perfect tense.
Caption 22, Deutsch mit Eylin: Das Perfekt
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Although beides refers to two things, it is grammatically singular and neuter, and takes the third person singular form. And it should not be used to refer to people, nor as a determiner. In the sentences below, beides refers to two words, two tasks, and two continents respectively.
Weißt du, „Möhre“, „Karotte“, das ist beides richtig. -Mhm.
You know, "carrot," "carrot," both are correct. -Mm-hm.
Caption 23, Mein Weg nach Deutschland: Bei der Arbeit
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Mit Emotionen oder technischen Problemen umgehen: Man muss beides können.
Dealing with emotions or technical problems: You have to be able to do both.
Captions 8-9, Galileo: So hart ist der Job im Callcenter
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Und es ist beides total unterschiedlich, aber super...
And both are totally different but great...
Caption 44, Anna: Am Strand in Mexiko
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Further Learning
You can find more examples with beide and beides on Yabla German.