I've spoken German with native German speakers on a daily basis for many years, but I still think that some verbs related to the root verb fragen are confusing. The fact that they all deal with different types of "asking" just makes matters worse! Let's see if this lesson can help us all get a better overview of the verbs abfragen, anfragen, befragen, and erfragen.
Also gut. Dann werde ich dich abfragen, Sabine.
All right. Then I'll quiz you, Sabine.
Caption 10, Bundesländer und ihre Rezepte: Rheinland-Pfalz
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Dann werde ich euch jetzt abfragen.
Then I'll ask you now.
Caption 4, Bundesländer und ihre Rezepte: Baden-Württemberg
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The verb abfragen is used when you want to formally test or quiz somebody to find out how much they know about something. It is usually translated as "to ask," or "to quiz."
Bei Interesse einfach bei einem Outdoorfitness-Anbieter anfragen.
If you're interested, simply inquire at an outdoor fitness provider.
Caption 40, Neuer Fitness-Trend: Kinderwagen-Workout
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Die haben dann auch immer angefragt und wir haben oft denen Sachen hinterhergebracht.
They then always asked as well, and we often brought them things afterwards.
Captions 18-19, Die Klasse: Berlin '61
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The verb anfragen is the best choice of words if you are approaching somebody with a question or inquiry. It's usually translated as "to ask" or "to inquire."
Ich mein, wir sollten sie mal intensiver befragen.
I mean, we should question her more intensively.
Caption 70, Die Pfefferkörner: Endspurt
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Der Kollege Johannes Lemke hat ihn noch einmal befragt nach der spielentscheidenden Szene.
Colleague Johannes Lemke interviewed him again after the match-winning scene.
Caption 35, Fußball: U21-Nationalmannschaft
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The verb befragen, on the other hand, usually means to get specific information from somebody in a more formal sense, for example in a survey, or even a police interview. It is often translated as "to question" or "to interrogate," or even—as in the above example—"to interview."
Sie können dort sehr gerne die Ankünfte beziehungsweise Ausgänge zu den ankommenden Flügen erfragen.
There you can easily inquire about arrivals or exits for arriving flights.
Captions 24-25, Flugreisen: Was mache ich, wenn...
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... so dass wir alle nötigen Infos vorab schon einmal erfragen und die Drehtermine ausmachen können.
... so that we can request all the necessary information in advance and set up the dates for the shoot.
Captions 11-12, Rund um den Airport: Hinter den Kulissen
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Lastly, the verb erfragen means to get information by asking questions, for instance for an address, directions, the time of day, or an opinion.
As you can see, there seems to be a lot of overlap in the meaning of these words, but if you can remember the following, you'll usually find the right word for the context:
USE IF YOU
abfragen want to find out how much someone knows about something (quizzing)
anfragen are approaching somebody with a question (inquiring)
befragen want specific information from somebody (questioning, interrogating)
erfragen want to get information by asking questions (requesting).
Further Learning
Go to Yabla German and find more examples of the above verbs. See if you can guess the meaning of some other verbs that use the root word fragen, such as ausfragen, durchfragen, gegenfragen, nachfragen, and weiterfragen. You can also look up the German definitions of the words at Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache or on the Duden website.
The German verbs raten and beraten can both mean "to advise," or "to give advice," but to correctly choose the right word, you need to learn the different ways they are used. Let's take a look at some different ways that raten and beraten are used in the sense of advising, so we can better understand which verb is appropriate to specific situations. Note that raten can also mean "to guess," and beraten can also mean "to discuss," but these are not definitions we're concerned with here.
The verb raten, in its meaning "to advise" or "to recommend," generally has a direct object stating what that advice is:
Und ich kann unseren britischen Freunden nur raten, sich hier auch nichts vorzumachen.
And I can only advise our British friends not to have any misconceptions.
Caption 15, Brexit-Votum: Merkel warnt vor Spaltung Europas
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Alle meine Freunde raten Dich mir aus dem Kopf zu schlagen.
All of my friends advise me To put you out of my mind.
Captions 23-24, SDP feat. Adel Tawil. Ich will nur, dass du weißt
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Experten raten im Gegensatz zum Gesetzgeber zu mindestens vier Millimeter.
In contrast to legislators, experts advise at least four millimeters.
Caption 25, Winterreifen: Wenn der erste Schnee naht
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Note that with the verb raten, if the person who is being given the advice is stated, it is always in the dative case. The advice itself thus stated as the direct object, and the person to whom it is directed is the indirect object.
The verb beraten, on the other hand, has the person being advised as the direct object in the accusative case, and generally the actual advice is not mentioned in the same sentence. Note too that beraten can often be alternately translated as "to receive advice" (to be advised by) or "to give advice" (to advise).
Ein Bankkaufmann muss Kunden beraten.
A banker has to advise clients.
Caption 10, Nicos Weg: Mein Beruf
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Alternately: A banker has to give advice to clients.
Der Apotheker oder die Apothekerinnen beraten die Kunden.
The pharmacist or the pharmacists advise the customers.
Caption 21, Eva erklärt: Gesundheit
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Alternately: The pharmacist or the pharmacists give advice to the customers.
Suchen Sie dann den nächsten Schalter Ihrer Fluggesellschaft auf und lassen sich vor Ort beraten.
Search then for the nearest ticket counter of your airline and let them advise you on the spot.
Captions 7-8, Flugreisen Was mache ich, wenn...
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Alternately: ...let them give you advice on the spot. Note that the form in this case is sich beraten lassen.
To conclude, you should use raten if you want to specifically advise something, but you should use sich beraten lassen if you are suggesting somebody gets advice, and jemanden beraten if you are suggesting somebody gives advice:
Ich rate dir den Arzt zu besuchen.
I advise you to visit the doctor.
Ich rate dir dich vom Arzt beraten zu lassen.
I advise you to get advice from your doctor.
Der Arzt hat mich beraten.
The doctor advised me.
Or: The doctor gave me advice.
We could even translate the next-to-last sentence as "I advise you to be advised by your doctor," but it's a bit clumsy, isn't it?
Further Learning
Go to German Yabla and find other examples of raten and beraten to see them used in a real world context. You can also compare raten and beraten to the similarly-used verb empfehlen.
Putting it in the simplest possible terms, a relative pronoun is a specific word in a sentence that has a relative clause. It's much easier to understand when you see an example:
The book that I read is quite old.
This sentence is dependent upon "that I read" because without these words, it would not be clear which book is meant. The word "that" is the relative pronoun in the sentence.
In the German language, the relative pronoun is dependent upon the gender of the subject noun:
Das Buch, das ich gelesen habe, ist ganz alt.
Der Mann, den ich gesehen habe, war ganz alt.
Die Frau, die ich gesehen habe, war ganz alt.
As you can see, the definite articles in the nominative case must take on the accusative case as relative pronouns: das/das, der/den, die/die.
But in the case of neuter nominatives, the German word was (usually translated as "what") is also used as a relative pronoun. The use of was as a relative pronoun is generally restricted to two usages, one of which is for neuter substantivized superlatives (nouns based upon adjectives), such as das Beste or das Schönste:
Das Schönste, was ich gelesen habe, war ein Buch von Goethe.
The German word was is also used as a relative pronoun with neuter demonstrative and indefinite pronouns, such as das, dasjenige, dasselbe; alles, einiges, nichts, vieles, manches, weniges, etwas, and so forth.
Das, was Sie hören, ist Musik von Mozart.
Es gibt einiges, was ich noch lernen sollte.
It is incorrect to use the relative pronoun das in the three examples above.
Further Learning
Here are some examples featuring relative pronouns on Yabla German. See if you can fill in the missing relative pronoun with either das or was:
Gab's etwas, nicht so gut war?
Was there something that wasn't so good?
Caption 30, Deutschkurs in Tübingen - Weil oder obwohl? - Part 2
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Das Mädchen, am Spielfeldrand niedlich zu den Jungs hinsah...
The girl who, on the edge of the playing field, looked sweetly at the boys
Captions 2-3, Olli Schulz - Spielerfrau
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Als wäre das Leben, hier einmal war, verbraucht.
As if the life that once was here were used up
Caption 8, Christina Stürmer - Millionen Lichter
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Er ärgert sich auch über manches, über ihn geschrieben wird.
he also gets angry about some of what is written about him.
Caption 19, Thomas D - Ärgernisse
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Aspirin ist ein Medikament, ich nehme, wenn ich Kopfschmerzen habe.
Aspirin is a medication that I take if I have a headache.
Captions 13-14, Deutschkurs in Blaubeuren - Der Relativsatz - Part 16
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Das ist das Beste, es gibt auf der Welt.
That's the best thing that there is in the world
Caption 36, Monsters of Liedermaching - Ein Pferd
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Milch ist ein Getränk, ich nicht mag.
Milk is a drink that I do not like.
Caption 29, Deutschkurs in Blaubeuren - Der Relativsatz - Part 16
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Alles, mit Kommunikation und Sprache zu tun hat.
Everything that has to do with communication and language.
Caption 26, Anja Polzer - Interview - Part 1
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Deinen Namen zu nennen ist wohl das Schönste, ich sage.
Naming your name is absolutely the most beautiful thing that I say
Caption 35, Xavier Naidoo - Ich kenne nichts (das so schön ist wie du)
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Es gibt am Flughafen wohl nichts, es nicht gibt.
Indeed, there's nothing that you won't find at the airport.
Caption 42, Flugreisen - Was mache ich, wenn...
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Click on the video links to see if your choices were correct!
Don't feel bad if this seems hard—even native speakers sometimes get it wrong by accident or as slang usage. The full title of the song above by Xavier Naidoo is "Ich kenne nichts (das so schön ist wie du)." According to grammar rules, the das should have been was. It's also a common mistake among native speakers to say or write things like Das Buch, was ich gelesen habe and Das Buch, dass ich gelesen habe. Luckily, we now know the correct way to write it!
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